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What's past is prologue

Latex学习

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一、Markdown与Latex的区别

latex是纯学术风格,写paper写书用；markdown是程序员风格,写笔记贴代码片段用 简单说,latex适合长篇.精致,比如数学公式.图片位置调整.表格样式调整.而markdown就是粗线条,简易编辑。本篇文章就是以markdown语法进行编写。

markdown语法的官方教程

二、Latex的背景

LaTeX（LATEX，音译“拉泰赫”）是一种基于ΤΕΧ的排版系统，由美国计算机学家莱斯利·兰伯特（Leslie Lamport）在20世纪80年代初期开发，利用这种格式，即使使用者没有排版和程序设计的知识也可以充分发挥由TeX所提供的强大功能，能在几天、甚至几小时内生成很多具有书籍质量的印刷品。对于生成复杂表格和数学公式，这一点表现得尤为突出。因此它非常适用于生成高印刷质量的科技和数学类文档。这个系统同样适用于生成从简单的信件到完整书籍的所有其他种类的文档。

Latex新手指南：The Short Introduction to LaTeX2e (Chinese Simplified)

三、Latex语法基础：命令与环境

1.命令与环境

命令

什么是命令

不同于其他编程语言(C/C++, Python等)会使用关键词,函数和类来实现程序,Latex语法中大多以命令的形式存在
而每一个命令都会有具体的功能,如标题制作,目录制作,或者是设置文档的编码格式等等

命令的格式
Latex中的命令具体有以下三种形式:

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无参数
\commad
\maketitle
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有n个必须参数
\command{参数1}{参数2}...{参数n}
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有n个可选参数
\command[可选参数1]...[可选参数n]

Latex语法举例

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%===============文章体裁:论文================
\documentclass[UTF8]{article}

%=================导言部分===================
%导入包
\usepackage{ctex}
\usepackage{authblk}


%标题制作
\title{论文示例}
\author{孙新斌,\ Jack\ Wang}
\affil{College of Computer Science \& Technology, QDU}
\date{\today}


%=================正式开始书写===============
\begin{document}
	
	\maketitle
	
	\section{摘要}
	这是一个LaTex 论文示例,由Texstudio编写。
	
	
\end{document}

示例如图所示

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\documentclass[]{}
\usepackage{}
\usepackage{}
\title{}
\author{}
\affil{}
\date{}
\today
\begin{}
\maketitle
\section{}
\end{}
%常用命令

环境

什么是环境
我们编写的文档内容为了避免代码和我们书写的正文内容混杂,我们从夹杂代码和正文内容的纯文本的连续上下文中划分出部分空间,这部分空间将作为独立的整体,我们可以将正文内容写在这些空出来的部分中

对于这些空间,我们可以提前使用一些命令,设定好这些空间的环境,即设定好这些空间的环境,即编译好之后最终的展示格式,因此环境其实就是我们为特定部分的正文设定的格式,这个特定部分可以是后面的全文,也可以是正文的部分,例如一段话,一张图片等等

例如下面的例子(\\\表示换行)

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%===============文章体裁:论文================
\documentclass[UTF8]{article}
\usepackage{ctex}


\begin{document}
	
	
	这是一个有article,ctex,document环境的语句\\
	%下面的this具有article,ctex,documnet和textbf环境
	{\textbf {this}}\\
	这句话也只有documentclass和document环境,没有this环境
	
	
\end{document}

正如代码中提到的,我们的命令其实可以分为两种,第一种是产生效果的命令,例如制作标题的\maketitle,另外一种就是对后文添加环境的命令

环境的作用和作用域

就像诸多编程语言中变量具有作用域,我们的环境其实也具有作用域,具体来说就是环境可以影响的正文的范围

有的环境的作用域是全文,例如上面例子中一开始的\documentclass[UTF8]{article}就规定了文章的体裁是论文,使用的编码方式是UTF-8,其作用域就是全文.

接下来的\usepackage{ctex}指明我们将使用ctex这个包/宏包. 包/宏包类似于编程语言的库,库中有很多写好的函数给我们使用,宏包中也有很多能够产生各种效果的命令.这里使用的ctex宏包的一个功能就是提供中文的显示和排版.所以\usepackage{ctex}这个命令的作用域也是全文.

\begin和\end命令用于开始和结束特定的环境,我们这里使用的\begin{document}和\end{document}就是开始和结束名为document的环境,两个命令之间的内容都将受到环境document的作用. document的作用就是展示文档, 在document环境的作用域范围内的内容在编译后都将会展示出来.在document环境内的内容才会被展示, 而在document环境外的内容不会被展示

2.隔离上下文

接下来我们继续向下看刚才的例子,我们用上面的例子引出 隔离上下文

我们编写了这样一句话{\textbf {this}},命令\textbf的作用是加粗处于其作用域的文字.

我们首先看下\textbf的作用域

示例如图所示

我们能够发现第一句仅加粗了t,而第二句加粗了整句话,而从\textbf这句话本身来看,其作用域就是其后紧接着的一个字符(注意由于其只能作用一个字符,因此如果我们加粗的第一个字符是中文的话就会报错,因此中文汉字作为第一个字符就会报错)

在正式编写的时候,我们通常将不同的段落放在不同的{ }中来管理环境,例如(空行表示另起一段)

四、Latex语法基础：Latex文件格式简介

Latex基本文件的基本结构

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\documentclass[12pt, letterpaper]{article}%用于设置LaTex文件所生成文档的格式
%正文字体大小为12pt, 页面规格是A4, 使用article文档格式

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}%设置在编译LaTex文件时要导入的扩展包
\usepackage{comment} 

% Title
\title{Document Title}
\author{Nobody \thanks{Somebody}}
\date{Some Date}
%==================导言=======================
\begin{document}

\begin{titlepage}
\maketitle%生成封面
\end{titlepage}

\tableofcontents%生成目录


\begin{abstract}
This is a simple paragraph at the beginning of the 
document. A brief introduction about the main subject.
\end{abstract}

First document. This is a simple example, with no 
extra parameters or packages included.
 
% Comments 
\begin{comment}
This text won't show up in the compiled pdf
this is just a multi-line comment. Useful
to, for instance, comment out slow-rendering
while working on the draft.
\end{comment}

\end{document}

# $ % ^ & _ { } \ ——这些字符(reserved characters)在Latex中有特殊的意义，要想在生成的文档中显示这些字符，Latex文档中这些字符前加反斜杠”\\’’

$\backslash$ 输出反斜杠(因为两个反斜杠”\\”在Latex中是换行命令)

~波浪线(tidle)在LaTeX中是插入空格命令，可用数学公式环境的$ \sim $向TeX文档中插入波浪线.

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\pagenumbering{arabic}%设置页码数字类型
\setcounter{page}{page number}%设置页码
\thispagestyle{empty}%当前页不标页码

eg.如果在封面不标记页码，目录页使用小写罗马数字标记页码，正文部分使用阿拉伯数字标记页码

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\begin{document}

%% Making title pate
\begin{titlepage}
\maketitle
\thispagestyle{empty} 
\end{titlepage}

%% Contents
\pagenumbering{roman}
\tableofcontents

\newpage
\pagenumbering{arabic}
\setcounter{page}{1} 
======正文======

版面设置

段落行间距

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\documentclass[UTF8]{article}
\usepackage{setspace}%使用该扩展包

\begin{document}

%%双倍行间距 
\begin{spacing}{2.0}
段落内容。
\end{spacing}

%%单倍行间距 
\begin{spacing}{1.0}
段落内容。
\end{spacing}

\end{document}

段落间空白

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\hspace{1cm}
\vspace{5pt}

居中

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\begin{center} 
...
\end{center}

左、右对齐

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\begin{flushleft}
...
\end{flushleft}

\begin{flushright}
...
\end{flushright}

样例

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\begin{center} 
登鹳雀楼 \\
~~~~~~~~ {\footnotesize 王之涣} \\
\hfill \\ 
白日依山尽 \\
黄河入海流 \\ 
欲穷千里目 \\
更上一层楼 \\
\end{center}

\begin{flushleft}
这一行在左侧 \\ 
这一行也要在左侧 \\
\end{flushleft}

\begin{flushright}
这一行在右侧  \\ 
这一行也要在右侧  \\
\end{flushright}

verbatim 居中显示及其作用

verbatim环境(抄录环境)使LaTex源文件的内容原样呈现于最终文档。这些内容不受center, flushleft, flushright等命令的影响。若想让verbatim环境中内容居中显示，需要使用 verbatimbox等扩展包.

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%首先在导言区加入:
\usepackage{verbatimbox}
%正文中示例：
\begin{verbbox}
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
    printf("Hello World! \n");
}
\end{verbbox}  

\begin{figure}[ht]
  \centering            %% 居中显示 
  \theverbbox 
\end{figure}

线框

使用\fbox给文字加线框; 使用\parbox给段落添加线框.

样例

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\fbox{A}

\hfill 

\fbox{
  Use $\backslash fbox$ environment for creating line box.
}

\begin{center}
\fbox{
  Box lies in center. However  
}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
\fbox{ 
  \parbox{\textwidth}{ 
    \begin{center}
      This is a \\
      Full size box  \\
    \end{center}
  } 
}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
\fbox{ 
  \parbox{0.4\textwidth}{ 
    \begin{center}
      This is a \\
      Small size box  \\
    \end{center}
  } 
}
\end{center}

图片插入及引用

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\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx}
% 设置图片文件存放路径
\graphicspath{{../figures}  
 
\begin{document}
% 在正文中引用图片时使用\ref 
  In Figure \ref{fig:foo} 
\begin{figure}
%设置对齐格式
\centering   %图片居于页面中部
%指定图形大小和图形名称  
\includegraphics [width=0.8，height=2.5]{foo.png} 
%设置标题 
\caption{Foo} 
%设置图形引用名称
\label{fig:foo} 
\end{figure}
 
\end{document}

表格

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\begin{tabular}{llr}%定义表格
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Item} \\
\cline{1-2}
Animal    & Description & Price (\$) \\
\hline
Gnat      & per gram    & 13.65      \\
          & each        & 0.01       \\
Gnu       & stuffed     & 92.50      \\
Emu       & stuffed     & 33.33      \\
Armadillo & frozen      & 8.99       \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

表格中行间距

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\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}%\arraystretch命令可以设置行间距(默认值是1.0)

使用\noalign{\smallskip} 也可以改变行间距. \smallskip 命令等价于\vspace{smallskipamount}。smallskipamount的大小依赖于文档类型. 与\smallskip 命令类似的还有\medskip,\bigskip . 另外，也可以在每一行尾的 换行符 后设置行间距。

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\begin{tabular}{c}
\hline
Normal  \\
\hline  
  smallskip(under the characters)  \\ \noalign{\smallskip} 
\hline  \noalign{\smallskip} 
smallskip(over the characters) \\ 
\hline  \noalign{\medskip} 
 medskip  \\
\hline  \noalign{\bigskip}
 bigskip  \\
\hline
  0.5cm \\[0.5cm]  
\hline   
\end{tabular}

三线表样例

Latex中默认的线条宽度是0.4pt, 如果想要使用粗一点的线条，可以使用 booktabs环境包. 这需要在Latex文档的导言部分添加命令:

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\usepackage{booktabs}  
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\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\toprule
Name & ID & Gender\\
\midrule
Tom & 001& Male\\
Rose & 002& Female\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{这是一张三线表}
\end{table} 
%其中\toprule 命令是画出表格最上边的一条粗实线(rule). \bottomrule命令是画出表格最下边的一条粗实线.
%\midrule 命令是画出表格中间的细实线。

示例

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\documentclass[a4paper,oneside,12pt]{article}

\usepackage{ctex}
\usepackage{authblk}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{CJK}
 \usepackage{indentfirst}

\usepackage[a4paper]{geometry}
\geometry{left=2cm, right=2cm, top=3cm, bottom=3.5cm,}
\setlength{\footskip}{3cm}
% 另外一种调用方式
% \usepackage[paperwidth=5.5in, paperheight=8.5in]{geometry}


\begin{document}
	
	
	\thispagestyle{empty} 
	\begin{center}
		\includegraphics{logo1}
	\end{center}
	
	
	\vspace{50pt}
	
	\begin{center}
		\Huge 2022年秋季学期\\
		\vspace{50pt}
		{\fontsize{36pt}{0pt}操作系统课程设计报告}%小初
		
		\vspace{120pt}
		
		\huge 组长：\underline{\qquad\quad 孙新斌\qquad\quad}\\
		\huge 成员：\underline{\qquad\quad 李明阳\qquad\quad}\\
		\huge 成员：\underline{\qquad\quad 刘泳良\qquad\quad}\\
	\end{center}

	
	
	\newpage
	\pagenumbering{arabic}
	
	\begin{center}
		{\fontsize{22pt}{22pt}课程设计选题一\quad 多线程单词统计}\\%二号
	\end{center}

\section*{\fontsize{16pt}{16pt}一、设计要求}%三号

	\begin{itemize}
		\item[]
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 1、从网上下载一些英文小说，用多线程实现单词总数的统计}\\
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 2、用多线程统计单词出现频率并从中找出Top-N热词}\\
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 3、在以上多线程程序中直观展示出多线程并发调度的过程}\\
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 4、用单线程实现以上功能，并比较单线程和多线程的时间效率}
	\end{itemize}

	\setlength{\parindent}{2em} 
	
\section*{\fontsize{16pt}{16pt}二、背景知识及设计思路}%三号

	\begin{itemize}
		\item[]
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 设计思路：}\\
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 1、根据文件的数量创建多个线程，一个线程统计一个文件中的单词}\\
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 2、英文单词为由英文字母或数字组成的字符序列，大小写不敏感}\\
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 3、如果两个线程需要安全地共享一个公共计数器，需要把公共计数器加锁}
	\end{itemize}

\section*{\fontsize{16pt}{16pt}三、设计方案}%三号

	\begin{itemize}
		\item[]
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 1.数据结构设计}
	\end{itemize}

	\begin{itemize}
		\item[]
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 2.程序结构设计（模块图，流程图，函数调用关系图）}
	\end{itemize}

	\begin{itemize}
		\item[]
		{\fontsize{14.0pt}{14pt}\selectfont 3.用到的Linux系统调用函数说明}
	\end{itemize}
	
\section*{\fontsize{16pt}{16pt}四、设计源代码}%三号

	\begin{itemize}
		\item[]
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont  
			1、xxxx}
	
	\end{itemize}

\section*{\fontsize{16pt}{16pt}五、调试方案及调试过程问题分析}%三号

	\begin{itemize}
		\item[]
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 1、xxxx}
	
	\end{itemize}

\section*{\fontsize{16pt}{16pt}六、运行结果与分析}%三号

	\begin{itemize}
		\item[]
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 1、xxxx}
	
	\end{itemize}

\section*{\fontsize{16pt}{16pt}七、总结}%三号

	\begin{itemize}
		\item[]
		{\fontsize{14pt}{14pt}\selectfont 1、xxxx}
	
	\end{itemize}
	



\end{document}

IEEE会议latex模板

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\documentclass[conference]{IEEEtran}
%使用了 IEEEtran 文档类，并设置为 conference 模式

\IEEEoverridecommandlockouts
%解锁 conference 模式下一些受限的命令，使得您可以自由地重定义或修改它们

% The preceding line is only needed to identify funding in the first footnote. If that is unneeded, please comment it out.

\usepackage{cite}
%更方便地处理文献引用和参考文献的格式

\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts}
%使得在 LaTeX 中排版数学公式和数学相关的内容更加便捷和灵活

\usepackage{algorithmic}
%用于在 LaTeX 中排版算法和伪代码的宏包

\usepackage{graphicx}
% LaTeX 中常用的宏包之一，用于插入和处理图像

\usepackage{textcomp}
%提供了一些额外的命令和符号，使得在LaTeX中排版文本更加方便和美观

\usepackage{xcolor}
%提供了一些额外的颜色定义和命令，使得在LaTeX中设置颜色更加方便和灵活

\def\BibTeX{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
    T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
%用于定义一个BibTeX的新名称，这是一个排版公式。在这个定义中，使用了LaTeX的宏包，通过使用\rm命令来设置字体为罗马字体，通过使用\lower.7ex\hbox命令将B、i、b、T和X的位置降低了0.7倍的基准线，使它们更靠近文本的基线，从而增强了视觉效果

\begin{document}

\title{Conference Paper Title*\\
{\footnotesize \textsuperscript{*}Note: Sub-titles are not captured in Xplore and
should not be used}
%使用了\footnotesize命令来减小字号，使注释的文本更加紧凑。\textsuperscript命令用于将文本置于上标位置，在这个注释中，它用于表示注释的文本是脚注的注解

\thanks{Identify applicable funding agency here. If none, delete this.}
%感谢资金资助

\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{1\textsuperscript{st} Given Name Surname}
\IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{dept. name of organization (of Aff.)} \\
\textit{name of organization (of Aff.)}\\
City, Country \\
email address or ORCID}
\and
\IEEEauthorblockN{2\textsuperscript{nd} Given Name Surname}
\IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{dept. name of organization (of Aff.)} \\
\textit{name of organization (of Aff.)}\\
City, Country \\
email address or ORCID}
\and
\IEEEauthorblockN{3\textsuperscript{rd} Given Name Surname}
\IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{dept. name of organization (of Aff.)} \\
\textit{name of organization (of Aff.)}\\
City, Country \\
email address or ORCID}
\and
\IEEEauthorblockN{4\textsuperscript{th} Given Name Surname}
\IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{dept. name of organization (of Aff.)} \\
\textit{name of organization (of Aff.)}\\
City, Country \\
email address or ORCID}
\and
\IEEEauthorblockN{5\textsuperscript{th} Given Name Surname}
\IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{dept. name of organization (of Aff.)} \\
\textit{name of organization (of Aff.)}\\
City, Country \\
email address or ORCID}
\and
\IEEEauthorblockN{6\textsuperscript{th} Given Name Surname}
\IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{dept. name of organization (of Aff.)} \\
\textit{name of organization (of Aff.)}\\
City, Country \\
email address or ORCID}
}
%使用 \IEEEauthorblockN 命令指定了作者的姓名，其中 1\textsuperscript{st} 表示第一个作者。如果有多个作者，可以继续使用 \IEEEauthorblockN 命令指定其他作者的姓名
%使用 \IEEEauthorblockA 命令指定了作者的机构信息和联系方式。在 \IEEEauthorblockA 中，使用 \textit 命令将机构名称和部门名称设置为斜体。在 \\ 后面的行中，可以添加更多机构信息，如机构名称、城市和国家。最后，您可以添加作者的电子邮件地址或 ORCID 标识符

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This document is a model and instructions for \LaTeX.
This and the IEEEtran.cls file define the components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.]. *CRITICAL: Do Not Use Symbols, Special Characters, Footnotes, 
or Math in Paper Title or Abstract.
\end{abstract}

\begin{IEEEkeywords}
component, formatting, style, styling, insert
\end{IEEEkeywords}

\section{Introduction}
This document is a model and instructions for \LaTeX.
Please observe the conference page limits. 

\section{Ease of Use}

\subsection{Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications}

The IEEEtran class file is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins, 
column widths, line spaces, and text fonts are prescribed; please do not 
alter them. You may note peculiarities. For example, the head margin
measures proportionately more than is customary. This measurement 
and others are deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your paper 
as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an independent document. 
Please do not revise any of the current designations.

\section{Prepare Your Paper Before Styling}
Before you begin to format your paper, first write and save the content as a 
separate text file. Complete all content and organizational editing before 
formatting. Please note sections \ref{AA}--\ref{SCM} below for more information on 
proofreading, spelling and grammar.
%在 LaTeX 中，您可以使用 \ref 命令来引用之前定义的标签，并生成相应的编号。

Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text has been 
formatted and styled. Do not number text heads---{\LaTeX} will do that 
for you.

\subsection{Abbreviations and Acronyms}\label{AA}
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, 
even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as 
IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, ac, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use 
abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.
%通过使用 \label{AA} 将一个标签命名为 "AA"，然后可以使用 \ref{AA} 在文档的其他位置引用该标签。

\subsection{Units}
\begin{itemize}
%LaTeX 中用于创建无序列表的环境之一
\item Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). An exception would be the use of English units as identifiers in trade, such as ``3.5-inch disk drive''.
\item Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each quantity that you use in an equation.
\item Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: ``Wb/m\textsuperscript{2}'' or ``webers per square meter'', not ``webers/m\textsuperscript{2}''. Spell out units when they appear in text: ``. . . a few henries'', not ``. . . a few H''.
%LaTeX 中用于显示上标（superscript）的命令
\item Use a zero before decimal points: ``0.25'', not ``.25''. Use ``cm\textsuperscript{3}'', not ``cc''.)
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Equations}
Number equations consecutively. To make your 
equations more compact, you may use the solidus (~/~), the exp function, or 
appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables, 
but not Greek symbols. Use a long dash rather than a hyphen for a minus 
sign. Punctuate equations with commas or periods when they are part of a 
sentence, as in:
\begin{equation}
a+b=\gamma\label{eq}
\end{equation}
%LaTeX 中用于创建一个带有自动编号的单行数学公式的环境

Be sure that the 
symbols in your equation have been defined before or immediately following 
the equation. Use ``\eqref{eq}'', not ``Eq.~\eqref{eq}'' or ``equation \eqref{eq}'', except at 
the beginning of a sentence: ``Equation \eqref{eq} is . . .''

\subsection{\LaTeX-Specific Advice}

Please use ``soft'' (e.g., \verb|\eqref{Eq}|) cross references instead
of ``hard'' references (e.g., \verb|(1)|). That will make it possible
to combine sections, add equations, or change the order of figures or
citations without having to go through the file line by line.
%在 LaTeX 中以原始格式显示命令或代码，您可以使用 \verb 命令

Please don't use the \verb|{eqnarray}| equation environment. Use
\verb|{align}| or \verb|{IEEEeqnarray}| instead. The \verb|{eqnarray}|
environment leaves unsightly spaces around relation symbols.

Please note that the \verb|{subequations}| environment in {\LaTeX}
will increment the main equation counter even when there are no
equation numbers displayed. If you forget that, you might write an
article in which the equation numbers skip from (17) to (20), causing
the copy editors to wonder if you've discovered a new method of
counting.

{\BibTeX} does not work by magic. It doesn't get the bibliographic
data from thin air but from .bib files. If you use {\BibTeX} to produce a
bibliography you must send the .bib files. 

{\LaTeX} can't read your mind. If you assign the same label to a
subsubsection and a table, you might find that Table I has been cross
referenced as Table IV-B3. 

{\LaTeX} does not have precognitive abilities. If you put a
\verb|\label| command before the command that updates the counter it's
supposed to be using, the label will pick up the last counter to be
cross referenced instead. In particular, a \verb|\label| command
should not go before the caption of a figure or a table.

Do not use \verb|\nonumber| inside the \verb|{array}| environment. It
will not stop equation numbers inside \verb|{array}| (there won't be
any anyway) and it might stop a wanted equation number in the
surrounding equation.

\subsection{Some Common Mistakes}\label{SCM}
\begin{itemize}
\item The word ``data'' is plural, not singular.
\item The subscript for the permeability of vacuum $\mu_{0}$, and other common scientific constants, is zero with subscript formatting, not a lowercase letter ``o''.
\item In American English, commas, semicolons, periods, question and exclamation marks are located within quotation marks only when a complete thought or name is cited, such as a title or full quotation. When quotation marks are used, instead of a bold or italic typeface, to highlight a word or phrase, punctuation should appear outside of the quotation marks. A parenthetical phrase or statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.)
\item A graph within a graph is an ``inset'', not an ``insert''. The word alternatively is preferred to the word ``alternately'' (unless you really mean something that alternates).
\item Do not use the word ``essentially'' to mean ``approximately'' or ``effectively''.
\item In your paper title, if the words ``that uses'' can accurately replace the word ``using'', capitalize the ``u''; if not, keep using lower-cased.
\item Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones ``affect'' and ``effect'', ``complement'' and ``compliment'', ``discreet'' and ``discrete'', ``principal'' and ``principle''.
\item Do not confuse ``imply'' and ``infer''.
\item The prefix ``non'' is not a word; it should be joined to the word it modifies, usually without a hyphen.
\item There is no period after the ``et'' in the Latin abbreviation ``et al.''.
\item The abbreviation ``i.e.'' means ``that is'', and the abbreviation ``e.g.'' means ``for example''.
\end{itemize}
An excellent style manual for science writers is \cite{b7}.
%在 LaTeX 中使用 BibTeX 进行引用的命令。该命令用于引用在 BibTeX 数据库（.bib 文件）中具有标识符为 "b7" 的参考文献条目。

\subsection{Authors and Affiliations}
\textbf{The class file is designed for, but not limited to, six authors.} A 
minimum of one author is required for all conference articles. Author names 
should be listed starting from left to right and then moving down to the 
next line. This is the author sequence that will be used in future citations 
and by indexing services. Names should not be listed in columns nor group by 
affiliation. Please keep your affiliations as succinct as possible (for 
example, do not differentiate among departments of the same organization).

\subsection{Identify the Headings}
Headings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide the reader through 
your paper. There are two types: component heads and text heads.

Component heads identify the different components of your paper and are not 
topically subordinate to each other. Examples include Acknowledgments and 
References and, for these, the correct style to use is ``Heading 5''. Use 
``figure caption'' for your Figure captions, and ``table head'' for your 
table title. Run-in heads, such as ``Abstract'', will require you to apply a 
style (in this case, italic) in addition to the style provided by the drop 
down menu to differentiate the head from the text.

Text heads organize the topics on a relational, hierarchical basis. For 
example, the paper title is the primary text head because all subsequent 
material relates and elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more 
sub-topics, the next level head (uppercase Roman numerals) should be used 
and, conversely, if there are not at least two sub-topics, then no subheads 
should be introduced.

\subsection{Figures and Tables}
\paragraph{Positioning Figures and Tables} Place figures and tables at the top and 
bottom of columns. Avoid placing them in the middle of columns. Large 
figures and tables may span across both columns. Figure captions should be 
below the figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert 
figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the abbreviation 
``Fig.~\ref{fig}'', even at the beginning of a sentence.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{Table Type Styles}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Table}&\multicolumn{3}{|c|}{\textbf{Table Column Head}} \\
\cline{2-4} 
\textbf{Head} & \textbf{\textit{Table column subhead}}& \textbf{\textit{Subhead}}& \textbf{\textit{Subhead}} \\
\hline
copy& More table copy$^{\mathrm{a}}$& &  \\
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{l}{$^{\mathrm{a}}$Sample of a Table footnote.}
\end{tabular}
\label{tab1}
\end{center}
\end{table}
%使用了 table 环境创建了一个表格，并使用 \caption 命令为表格添加标题。表格内部使用 tabular 环境来设置表格的行列和内容。表格的每一行使用 & 来分隔单元格，使用 \\ 来分隔行。表头的单元格使用 \textbf 命令设置为粗体，部分单元格使用 \textit 命令设置为斜体。\multicolumn 命令用于合并单元格，\cline 命令用于绘制水平线。在表格的最后一行使用了一个脚注，其中使用了上标和小写字母。为了实现上标，使用了 $^{\mathrm{a}}$。脚注文本使用了 \multicolumn 命令，以确保脚注占据整行。通过使用 \label 命令，您可以为表格设置一个唯一的标签，以便在文档其他位置引用该表格。

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centerline{\includegraphics{fig1.png}}
\caption{Example of a figure caption.}
\label{fig}
\end{figure}
%用了 figure 环境来创建一个浮动的图像，并使用 \caption 命令为图像添加标题。图像使用 \includegraphics 命令插入，其中 fig1.png 是图像文件的名称（假设图像文件位于 LaTeX 源文件所在的目录中）。\centerline 命令用于将图像居中显示。通过使用 \label 命令，您可以为图像设置一个唯一的标签，以便在文档其他位置引用该图像。在 figure 环境中，设置的位置参数 [htbp] 指示 LaTeX 尝试将图像放置在当前位置（here）、页面顶部（top）、页面底部（bottom）或单独的页面（page）上，以便获得最佳的视觉效果。

Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure labels. Use words 
rather than symbols or abbreviations when writing Figure axis labels to 
avoid confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity 
``Magnetization'', or ``Magnetization, M'', not just ``M''. If including 
units in the label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes only 
with units. In the example, write ``Magnetization (A/m)'' or ``Magnetization 
\{A[m(1)]\}'', not just ``A/m''. Do not label axes with a ratio of 
quantities and units. For example, write ``Temperature (K)'', not 
``Temperature/K''.

\section*{Acknowledgment}

The preferred spelling of the word ``acknowledgment'' in America is without 
an ``e'' after the ``g''. Avoid the stilted expression ``one of us (R. B. 
G.) thanks $\ldots$''. Instead, try ``R. B. G. thanks$\ldots$''. Put sponsor 
acknowledgments in the unnumbered footnote on the first page.

\section*{References}

Please number citations consecutively within brackets \cite{b1}. The 
sentence punctuation follows the bracket \cite{b2}. Refer simply to the reference 
number, as in \cite{b3}---do not use ``Ref. \cite{b3}'' or ``reference \cite{b3}'' except at 
the beginning of a sentence: ``Reference \cite{b3} was the first $\ldots$''
%在LaTeX中用于表示省略号，表示省略了文本的一部分或继续部分。

Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at 
the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the 
abstract or reference list. Use letters for table footnotes.

Unless there are six authors or more give all authors' names; do not use 
``et al.''. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been 
submitted for publication, should be cited as ``unpublished'' \cite{b4}. Papers 
that have been accepted for publication should be cited as ``in press'' \cite{b5}. 
Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and 
element symbols.

For papers published in translation journals, please give the English 
citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation \cite{b6}.

\begin{thebibliography}{00}
\bibitem{b1} G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, ``On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,'' Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529--551, April 1955.
\bibitem{b2} J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68--73.
\bibitem{b3} I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, ``Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,'' in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271--350.
\bibitem{b4} K. Elissa, ``Title of paper if known,'' unpublished.
\bibitem{b5} R. Nicole, ``Title of paper with only first word capitalized,'' J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press.
\bibitem{b6} Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, ``Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,'' IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740--741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].
\bibitem{b7} M. Young, The Technical Writer's Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.
\end{thebibliography}
\vspace{12pt}
%在LaTeX中用于在文档中插入12点（或任何其他所需长度）的垂直空间。它通常用于调整不同元素（如段落、小节或图形）之间的间距。
\color{red}
IEEE conference templates contain guidance text for composing and formatting conference papers. Please ensure that all template text is removed from your conference paper prior to submission to the conference. Failure to remove the template text from your paper may result in your paper not being published.

\end{document}

CCBR会议模板

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% file typeinst.tex %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Template for CCBR 2011 paper;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


\documentclass[runningheads,a4paper]{llncs}

\usepackage{amssymb}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\usepackage{graphicx}

\usepackage{url}
\urldef{\mailsa}\path|{alfred.hofmann, ursula.barth, ingrid.haas, frank.holzwarth,|
\urldef{\mailsb}\path|anna.kramer, leonie.kunz, christine.reiss, nicole.sator,|
\urldef{\mailsc}\path|erika.siebert-cole, peter.strasser, lncs}@springer.com|
\newcommand{\keywords}[1]{\par\addvspace\baselineskip
\noindent\keywordname\enspace\ignorespaces#1}

\begin{document}

\mainmatter  % start of an individual contribution

% first the title is needed
\title{AUTHOR GUIDELINES FOR CCBR 2011 PROCEEDINGS MANUSCRIPTS}

% a short form should be given in case it is too long for the running head
\titlerunning{Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Authors' Instructions}

% the name(s) of the author(s) follow(s) next
%
% NB: Chinese authors should write their first names(s) in front of
% their surnames. This ensures that the names appear correctly in
% the running heads and the author index.
%
\author{Alfred Hofmann%
\thanks{Please note that the LNCS Editorial assumes that all authors have used
the western naming convention, with given names preceding surnames. This determines
the structure of the names in the running heads and the author index.}%
\and Ursula Barth\and Ingrid Haas\and Frank Holzwarth\and\\
Anna Kramer\and Leonie Kunz\and Christine Rei\ss\and\\
Nicole Sator\and Erika Siebert-Cole\and Peter Stra\ss er}
%
\authorrunning{Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Authors' Instructions}
% (feature abused for this document to repeat the title also on left hand pages)

% the affiliations are given next; don't give your e-mail address
% unless you accept that it will be published
\institute{Springer-Verlag, Computer Science Editorial,\\
Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany\\
\mailsa\\
\mailsb\\
\mailsc\\
\url{http://www.springer.com/lncs}}

%
% NB: a more complex sample for affiliations and the mapping to the
% corresponding authors can be found in the file "llncs.dem"
% (search for the string "\mainmatter" where a contribution starts).
% "llncs.dem" accompanies the document class "llncs.cls".
%

\toctitle{Lecture Notes in Computer Science}
\tocauthor{Authors' Instructions}
\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
The abstract should summarize the contents of the paper and should
contain at least 70 and at most 150 words. It should be written using the
\emph{abstract} environment.
\keywords{We would like to encourage you to list your keywords within
the abstract section}
\end{abstract}


\section{Introduction}

You are strongly encouraged to use \LaTeXe{} for the
preparation of your camera-ready manuscript together with the
corresponding Springer class file \verb+llncs.cls+. Only if you use
\LaTeXe{} can hyperlinks be generated in the online version
of your manuscript.

The \LaTeX{} source of this instruction file for \LaTeX{} users may be
used as a template. This is
located in the ``authors'' subdirectory in
\url{ftp://ftp.springer.de/pub/tex/latex/llncs/latex2e/instruct/} and
entitled \texttt{typeinst.tex}. There is a separate package for Word
users. Kindly send the final and checked source
and PDF files of your paper to the Contact Volume Editor. This is
usually one of the organizers of the conference. You should make sure
that the \LaTeX{} and the PDF files are identical and correct and that
only one version of your paper is sent. It is not possible to update
files at a later stage. Please note that we do not need the printed
paper.

We would like to draw your attention to the fact that it is not possible
to modify a paper in any way, once it has been published. This applies
to both the printed book and the online version of the publication.
Every detail, including the order of the names of the authors, should
be checked before the paper is sent to the Volume Editors.

\subsection{Checking the PDF File}

Kindly assure that the Contact Volume Editor is given the name and email
address of the contact author for your paper. The Contact Volume Editor
uses these details to compile a list for our production department at
SPS in India. Once the files have been worked upon, SPS sends a copy of
the final pdf of each paper to its contact author. The contact author is
asked to check through the final pdf to make sure that no errors have
crept in during the transfer or preparation of the files. This should
not be seen as an opportunity to update or copyedit the papers, which is
not possible due to time constraints. Only errors introduced during the
preparation of the files will be corrected.

This round of checking takes place about two weeks after the files have
been sent to the Editorial by the Contact Volume Editor, i.e., roughly
seven weeks before the start of the conference for conference
proceedings, or seven weeks before the volume leaves the printer's, for
post-proceedings. If SPS does not receive a reply from a particular
contact author, within the timeframe given, then it is presumed that the
author has found no errors in the paper. The tight publication schedule
of LNCS does not allow SPS to send reminders or search for alternative
email addresses on the Internet.

In some cases, it is the Contact Volume Editor that checks all the final
pdfs. In such cases, the authors are not involved in the checking phase.

\subsection{Additional Information Required by the Volume Editor}

If you have more than one surname, please make sure that the Volume Editor
knows how you are to be listed in the author index.

\subsection{Copyright Forms}

The copyright form may be downloaded from the ``For Authors"
(Information for LNCS Authors) section of the LNCS Website:
\texttt{www.springer.com/lncs}. Please send your signed copyright form
to the Contact Volume Editor, either as a scanned pdf or by fax or by
courier. One author may sign on behalf of all of the other authors of a
particular paper. Digital signatures are acceptable.

\section{Paper Preparation}

Springer provides you with a complete integrated \LaTeX{} document class
(\texttt{llncs.cls}) for multi-author books such as those in the LNCS
series. Papers not complying with the LNCS style will be reformatted.
This can lead to an increase in the overall number of pages. We would
therefore urge you not to squash your paper.

Please always cancel any superfluous definitions that are
not actually used in your text. If you do not, these may conflict with
the definitions of the macro package, causing changes in the structure
of the text and leading to numerous mistakes in the proofs.

If you wonder what \LaTeX{} is and where it can be obtained, see the
``\textit{LaTeX project site}'' (\url{http://www.latex-project.org})
and especially the webpage ``\textit{How to get it}''
(\url{http://www.latex-project.org/ftp.html}) respectively.

When you use \LaTeX\ together with our document class file,
\texttt{llncs.cls},
your text is typeset automatically in Computer Modern Roman (CM) fonts.
Please do
\emph{not} change the preset fonts. If you have to use fonts other
than the preset fonts, kindly submit these with your files.

Please use the commands \verb+\label+ and \verb+\ref+ for
cross-references and the commands \verb+\bibitem+ and \verb+\cite+ for
references to the bibliography, to enable us to create hyperlinks at
these places.

For preparing your figures electronically and integrating them into
your source file we recommend using the standard \LaTeX{} \verb+graphics+ or
\verb+graphicx+ package. These provide the \verb+\includegraphics+ command.
In general, please refrain from using the \verb+\special+ command.

Remember to submit any further style files and
fonts you have used together with your source files.

\subsubsection{Headings.}

Headings should be capitalized
(i.e., nouns, verbs, and all other words
except articles, prepositions, and conjunctions should be set with an
initial capital) and should,
with the exception of the title, be aligned to the left.
Words joined by a hyphen are subject to a special rule. If the first
word can stand alone, the second word should be capitalized.

Here are some examples of headings: ``Criteria to Disprove
Context-Freeness of Collage Language", ``On Correcting the Intrusion of
Tracing Non-deterministic Programs by Software", ``A User-Friendly and
Extendable Data Distribution System", ``Multi-flip Networks:
Parallelizing GenSAT", ``Self-determinations of Man".

\subsubsection{Lemmas, Propositions, and Theorems.}

The numbers accorded to lemmas, propositions, and theorems, etc. should
appear in consecutive order, starting with Lemma 1, and not, for
example, with Lemma 11.

\subsection{Figures}

For \LaTeX\ users, we recommend using the \emph{graphics} or \emph{graphicx}
package and the \verb+\includegraphics+ command.

Please check that the lines in line drawings are not
interrupted and are of a constant width. Grids and details within the
figures must be clearly legible and may not be written one on top of
the other. Line drawings should have a resolution of at least 800 dpi
(preferably 1200 dpi). The lettering in figures should have a height of
2~mm (10-point type). Figures should be numbered and should have a
caption which should always be positioned \emph{under} the figures, in
contrast to the caption belonging to a table, which should always appear
\emph{above} the table; this is simply achieved as matter of sequence in
your source.

Please center the figures or your tabular material by using the \verb+\centering+
declaration. Short captions are centered by default between the margins
and typeset in 9-point type (Fig.~\ref{fig:example} shows an example).
The distance between text and figure is preset to be about 8~mm, the
distance between figure and caption about 6~mm.

To ensure that the reproduction of your illustrations is of a reasonable
quality, we advise against the use of shading. The contrast should be as
pronounced as possible.

If screenshots are necessary, please make sure that you are happy with
the print quality before you send the files.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=6.2cm]{eijkel2}
\caption{One kernel at $x_s$ (\emph{dotted kernel}) or two kernels at
$x_i$ and $x_j$ (\textit{left and right}) lead to the same summed estimate
at $x_s$. This shows a figure consisting of different types of
lines. Elements of the figure described in the caption should be set in
italics, in parentheses, as shown in this sample caption.}
\label{fig:example}
\end{figure}

Please define figures (and tables) as floating objects. Please avoid
using optional location parameters like ``\verb+[h]+" for ``here".

\paragraph{Remark 1.}

In the printed volumes, illustrations are generally black and white
(halftones), and only in exceptional cases, and if the author is
prepared to cover the extra cost for color reproduction, are colored
pictures accepted. Colored pictures are welcome in the electronic
version free of charge. If you send colored figures that are to be
printed in black and white, please make sure that they really are
legible in black and white. Some colors as well as the contrast of
converted colors show up very poorly when printed in black and white.

\subsection{Formulas}

Displayed equations or formulas are centered and set on a separate
line (with an extra line or halfline space above and below). Displayed
expressions should be numbered for reference. The numbers should be
consecutive within each section or within the contribution,
with numbers enclosed in parentheses and set on the right margin --
which is the default if you use the \emph{equation} environment, e.g.,
\begin{equation}
  \psi (u) = \int_{o}^{T} \left[\frac{1}{2}
  \left(\Lambda_{o}^{-1} u,u\right) + N^{\ast} (-u)\right] dt \;  .
\end{equation}

Equations should be punctuated in the same way as ordinary
text but with a small space before the end punctuation mark.

\subsection{Footnotes}

The superscript numeral used to refer to a footnote appears in the text
either directly after the word to be discussed or -- in relation to a
phrase or a sentence -- following the punctuation sign (comma,
semicolon, or period). Footnotes should appear at the bottom of
the
normal text area, with a line of about 2~cm set
immediately above them.\footnote{The footnote numeral is set flush left
and the text follows with the usual word spacing.}

\subsection{Program Code}

Program listings or program commands in the text are normally set in
typewriter font, e.g., CMTT10 or Courier.

\medskip

\noindent
{\it Example of a Computer Program}
\begin{verbatim}
program Inflation (Output)
  {Assuming annual inflation rates of 7%, 8%, and 10%,...
   years};
   const
     MaxYears = 10;
   var
     Year: 0..MaxYears;
     Factor1, Factor2, Factor3: Real;
   begin
     Year := 0;
     Factor1 := 1.0; Factor2 := 1.0; Factor3 := 1.0;
     WriteLn('Year  7% 8% 10%'); WriteLn;
     repeat
       Year := Year + 1;
       Factor1 := Factor1 * 1.07;
       Factor2 := Factor2 * 1.08;
       Factor3 := Factor3 * 1.10;
       WriteLn(Year:5,Factor1:7:3,Factor2:7:3,Factor3:7:3)
     until Year = MaxYears
end.
\end{verbatim}
%
\noindent
{\small (Example from Jensen K., Wirth N. (1991) Pascal user manual and
report. Springer, New York)}

\subsection{Citations}

For citations in the text please use
square brackets and consecutive numbers: \cite{jour}, \cite{lncschap},
\cite{proceeding1} -- provided automatically
by \LaTeX 's \verb|\cite| \dots\verb|\bibitem| mechanism.

\subsection{Page Numbering and Running Heads}

There is no need to include page numbers. If your paper title is too
long to serve as a running head, it will be shortened. Your suggestion
as to how to shorten it would be most welcome.

\section{LNCS Online}

The online version of the volume will be available in LNCS Online.
Members of institutes subscribing to the Lecture Notes in Computer
Science series have access to all the pdfs of all the online
publications. Non-subscribers can only read as far as the abstracts. If
they try to go beyond this point, they are automatically asked, whether
they would like to order the pdf, and are given instructions as to how
to do so.

Please note that, if your email address is given in your paper,
it will also be included in the meta data of the online version.

\section{BibTeX Entries}

The correct BibTeX entries for the Lecture Notes in Computer Science
volumes can be found at the following Website shortly after the
publication of the book:
\url{http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/lncs.html}

\subsubsection*{Acknowledgments.} The heading should be treated as a
subsubsection heading and should not be assigned a number.

\section{The References Section}\label{references}

In order to permit cross referencing within LNCS-Online, and eventually
between different publishers and their online databases, LNCS will,
from now on, be standardizing the format of the references. This new
feature will increase the visibility of publications and facilitate
academic research considerably. Please base your references on the
examples below. References that don't adhere to this style will be
reformatted by Springer. You should therefore check your references
thoroughly when you receive the final pdf of your paper.
The reference section must be complete. You may not omit references.
Instructions as to where to find a fuller version of the references are
not permissible.

We only accept references written using the latin alphabet. If the title
of the book you are referring to is in Russian or Chinese, then please write
(in Russian) or (in Chinese) at the end of the transcript or translation
of the title.

The following section shows a sample reference list with entries for
journal articles \cite{jour}, an LNCS chapter \cite{lncschap}, a book
\cite{book}, proceedings without editors \cite{proceeding1} and
\cite{proceeding2}, as well as a URL \cite{url}.
Please note that proceedings published in LNCS are not cited with their
full titles, but with their acronyms!

\begin{thebibliography}{4}

\bibitem{jour} Smith, T.F., Waterman, M.S.: Identification of Common Molecular
Subsequences. J. Mol. Biol. 147, 195--197 (1981)

\bibitem{lncschap} May, P., Ehrlich, H.C., Steinke, T.: ZIB Structure Prediction Pipeline:
Composing a Complex Biological Workflow through Web Services. In: Nagel,
W.E., Walter, W.V., Lehner, W. (eds.) Euro-Par 2006. LNCS, vol. 4128,
pp. 1148--1158. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)

\bibitem{book} Foster, I., Kesselman, C.: The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing
Infrastructure. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1999)

\bibitem{proceeding1} Czajkowski, K., Fitzgerald, S., Foster, I., Kesselman, C.: Grid
Information Services for Distributed Resource Sharing. In: 10th IEEE
International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing, pp.
181--184. IEEE Press, New York (2001)

\bibitem{proceeding2} Foster, I., Kesselman, C., Nick, J., Tuecke, S.: The Physiology of the
Grid: an Open Grid Services Architecture for Distributed Systems
Integration. Technical report, Global Grid Forum (2002)

\bibitem{url} National Center for Biotechnology Information, \url{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}

\end{thebibliography}


\section*{Appendix: Springer-Author Discount}

LNCS authors are entitled to a 33.3\% discount off all Springer
publications. Before placing an order, the author should send an email,
giving full details of his or her Springer publication,
to \url{orders-HD-individuals@springer.com} to obtain a so-called token. This token is a
number, which must be entered when placing an order via the Internet, in
order to obtain the discount.

\section{Checklist of Items to be Sent to Volume Editors}
Here is a checklist of everything the volume editor requires from you:


\begin{itemize}
\settowidth{\leftmargin}{{\Large$\square$}}\advance\leftmargin\labelsep
\itemsep8pt\relax
\renewcommand\labelitemi{{\lower1.5pt\hbox{\Large$\square$}}}

\item The final \LaTeX{} source files
\item A final PDF file
\item A copyright form, signed by one author on behalf of all of the
authors of the paper.
\item A readme giving the name and email address of the
corresponding author.
\end{itemize}
\end{document}

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